The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of I goal Setting on choice reaction Time (CRT). 50 male athlete students (19-23 yr.) from physical education Faculty of Tehran university were selected. 10 subjects were selected by simple random sampling method from 50 subjects as a base group (who did not participate in the main study). Then base group were tested on a CRT test and their scores mean recorded as base record. Other 40 subjects were tested on a choice reaction Time test too and assigned to 4 conditions (personal, easy and difficult goal group and control group) by random assignment method. The difficult and easy goal was set far and close to base record and personal goal was set by subjects themselves. After 4 practice sessions groups were tested CRT test. Data analysis indicate significant difference between pre and post test means of groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: Goal Setting can improve CRT meanwhile difficult goal is more effective than other methods and then personal goal and finally simple goal.

Regression diagnostic is the general class of technique for detecting outliers and influential points. Our objective is to extend these diagnostics to the Time series Setting. In particular, various diagnostic tools will be explored for autoregressive model, which resembles the multiple regression models.In this research first the concept of leverage and Cook’sdistance based on the idea of removing one observation at a Time and measuring the change in the fitted model, will be adapted to the Time series situation. Then, since in some Time series the outliers occur in patches, therefore it seems that it is better to consider some sort of diagnostics, such as multiple deletion statistic and multiple deletion Cook’s distance, based on the idea of leaving out a block of k consecutive observations.To detect outliers each of these procedures needs a threshold. Values of these statistics that exceed the threshold could be suspected as being an outlier. Since the distributional properties of these statistics are not known precisely, therefore to overcome this problem some simulation study were carried out. Finally, these diagnostic approaches will be used for some real Time series data.

Introduction. Dental stones are widely used in dentistry and the success or failure of many dental treatments depend on the accuracy of these gypsums. The purpose of this study was the evaluation of Iranian dental stones and comparison between Iranian and foreign ones. In this investigation, consistency and Setting Time were compared between Pars Dendn, Almas and Hinrizit stones. The latter is accepted by ADA (American Dental Association). Consistency and Setting Time are 2 of 5 properties that are necessitated by both ADA specification No. 25 and Iranian Standard Organization specification No. 2569 for evaluation of dental stones.Methods. In this study, the number and preparation of specimens and test conditions were done according to the ADA specification No. 25 and all the measurements were done with vicat apparatus. Results. The results of this study showed that the standard consistency of Almas stone was obtained by 42ml water and 100gr powder and the Setting Time of this stone was 11±0.03 min. Which was with in the limits of ADA specification (12±4 min). The standard consistency of Pars Dandan stone was obrianed by 31ml water and 100 gr powder, but the Setting Time of this stone was 5± 0.16 min which was nt within the limits of ADA specification.Discussion: Comparison of Iranian and Hinrizit stones properties showed that two probable problems of Iranian stones are:1- Unhemogrnousity of Iranian stoned powder was caused by uncontrolled temperature, pressure and humidity in the production process of stone.2- Impurities such as sodium chloride was responsible fo shortening of Pars Dendens Setting Time.

Background. Dental plaster, white orthodontic gypsum, and construction gypsum have β-hemihydrate particles. Setting Time is an essential property of dental gypsum, which can affect the strength of the material. This research aimed to compare construction gypsum, dental plaster, and white orthodontic gypsum’ s initial and final Setting Times. Methods. Three groups were included in this experimental laboratory study: construction gypsum (A), dental plaster (B), and white orthodontic gypsum (C). Each group consisted of 10 samples. Gypsum manipulation consisted of using 120 gr of powder and 60 mL of water. Gypsum powder and water were mixed using a gypsum mixer at 120 rpm. A homogeneous mixture was poured into a mold, and the Setting Time was measured using a Gillmore needle, according to ASTM C03-266. The initial Setting Time test was measured using 113. 4 grams and a-2. 12mm needle. The final Setting Time was measured using 453. 6 grams and a-1. 06mm needle. This test was repeated until the needle failed to penetrate the gypsum’ s surface. All the data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests using SPSS 23. Results. The average initial Setting Time for groups A, B, and C were 1. 40± 16. 17, 1. 19± 10. 39, and 1. 51± 24. 46, respectively. The average final Setting Time for groups A, B, and C were, 0. 79± 15. 97 0. 88± 24. 31) and 0. 66± 33. 37, respectively. One-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests showed significant differences in the initial and final Setting Times between the three groups (P<0. 05). Conclusion. There were differences in Setting Time between dental plaster, white orthodontic gypsum, and construction gypsum. The construction gypsum’ s Setting Time is suitable as a type II dental gypsum, according to ADA No. 25.

Background and Aim: For successful endodontic treatment Sealer is needed , and gutta-percha alone, cannot prepare hermetic seal . One of important clinical and physical characterization of sealer is Setting Time. This study was conducted to evaluate Setting Time of AH 26 , 2_Seal, Dorifill, ADSeal Meta and SDS. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro Randomized blind experimental study, sealers were AH 26, 2 Seal , Dorifill , ADSeal Meta and SDS (Iranian ZOE sealer ). Methods and material was according to ISO_6876:2001 2nd ed, "Dental Root canal Sealing Materials". 25 Samples were investigated, 5 for each group. OneWay ANOVA analysis was used by statistical specialist to show the results ( P<0.05).Results: Setting Time in minutes were: AH26 = 814.2, Dorifill=93.8, 2Seal=738.4, ADSeal Meta =49.8, SDS =270.6.Conclusion:  Although, all of sealers investigated here have a proper unique specification, but in conclusion and with all investigations until now, sealers with epoxy resin base, with their variety of Setting Time, are better  sealers and can be used for different techniques, different peoples and different treatment, that needs sealers with short or long Setting Time.

Statement of problem: Taking impression plays an important role in prosthodontic treatments. Alginate impression materials are very common in this regard. With due attention to the importance of Setting Time and consistency of impression materials, researches for comparison the properties of different impression materials are necessary.Aim: This study was conducted to investigate the Setting Time and consistency of two Iranian alginates (Regular Iralgin and Super Iralgin) in comparison with one imported brand, Bayer alginate using ADA (No.18) and ISO (1563) specification.Materials and method: In this in vitro study, 51 samples (17 samples of each alginate, Bayer, Regular Iralgin and Super Iralgin) were prepared. Setting Time and consistency of these materials were compared according to Iranian standard Institute, specification 1563. To analysis the data, t-test and ANOVA were used.Results: Mean of consistency and Setting Time from maximum to minimum was including Bayer, Regular Iralgin and Super Iralgin. According to the result of this experiment, the three materials showed acceptable Setting Time and consistency according to Iranian Standard Specifications. ANOVA analysis showed no significant differences in consistency among these materials (p>0.05) whereas there were significant differences in Setting Time between Bayer alginate and Iranian brands (p<0.05).Conclusion: The three impression materials used in this study showed acceptable Setting Time and consistency. There was significant difference in Setting Time among them, which could be related to the composition of these materials. More studies are needed to be conducted on other properties of these materials.

Background and Aims: According to many uses of MTA in different treatments, studying about its properties like the Setting Time, is of great importance. The aim of this study was to compare the initial and final Setting Time of an Iranian MTA and a foreign MTA. Materials and Methods: Seven samples were in each group; for measurement of initial and final Setting Time of MTAs, a mold with dimension of 2×10 mm was prepared. The cements after mixation were put into an incubator with temperature of 37ₒ C and humidity of 90%. After mixing of cements, a Gilmore needle with a weight of 100 gr and active tip of 2 mm was used vertically on the surface of MTA for measurement of the initial Setting Time. Setting was measured by the start of cement mixation to the Time the tip of the needle didn’ t penetrate to the surface of MTA. For measurement of the final Setting Time a Gilmore needle with a weight of 456 gr and active tip of 1mm was used vertically on the surface of MTA. The ANOVA test followed by Tukey test was used for comparison of the mean Setting Time between an Iranian and foreign MTA. The statistical difference was considered significant at the level of 0. 05. Resultes: The mean initial Setting Time Angelus and Root MTAs were 13. 57± 0. 91 and 11. 14± 0. 92 min, the mean final Setting of Angelus and Root MTA, were 48. 93± 1. 54 and 37. 86± 1. 5 min while the initial Setting Time of Angelus MTA lasted for 0. 53± 43. 2 more min than Root MTA (P=0. 001). The final Setting Time of Angelus MTA took longer for 110. 7± 0. 82 min than Root MTA (P=0. 001). Conclusion: The initial and final Setting Time of the Iranian MTA was shorter than the foreign one and thus it could a more alternative option in this respect.

Heavy metal pollutants containing lead have consistently been major sources of environmental contamination over the past decades. Human and industrial activities have directly or indirectly led to the introduction of substantial amounts of lead-based pollutants into soil and groundwater. The Solidification/Stabilization (S/S) technique using cement, by significantly reducing the mobility and solubility of lead in soil, serves as an effective tool for remediating lead-contaminated soils. Conversely, the heavy metal pollutant lead significantly affects the Setting Time of cement, and the Setting Time directly impacts the efficiency of cementitious compounds. Consequently, understanding the interaction between lead and cement is of paramount importance. In this regard, the present study aims to investigate the influence of the heavy metal lead on the Setting Time and microstructural interaction of lead and cement. To achieve this, lead nitrate solution with concentrations of 0, 10,25,50, 100, 250 and 500 kg/cmol-solid, was added to cement. The effect of lead on the hydration process and Setting Time of cement was examined through Setting Time tests, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, and leachability analysis (TCLP). According to the research results, the precipitation and chemical complexation of the heavy metal lead in the form of Pb(OH)2 and Pb-C-S-H delayed the cement hydration process, extended the initial and final Setting Times of cement paste, and immobilized and solidified lead pollution effectively. By adding 25 kg/cmol-solid lead nitrate, the initial Setting Time of cement increased from 65 minutes to 155 minutes. Microstructural results demonstrated that cement effectively interacted with heavy metal lead up to a concentration of 100 cmol/kg-solid during the Solidification/Stabilization (S/S) process, keeping pollutant levels within permissible limits for soil.

Background & Aim: In survival studies, incidence of competing risks causes that the Time of event of interest to be unknown. Analysis of competing risk data, often implemented using hazard-based method under proportional hazard assumption. In this study, we interpreted covariate effect under accelerated failure Time model and cause-specific survival function. Methods & Materials: We considered Weibull hazard and survival function as causespecific hazard and survival function and explored the relation between these function. Estimation of parameters performed using Bayesian methods with non-informative priors that implemented in R2WinBUGS package of R software. Results: Simulation study showed that, the relation between hazard and survival parameters for Weibull distribution is also established between parameters of cause-specific hazard and cause-specific survival function. This relation also verified in PBC data set for logarithm of serum bilirubin and D-penicillamine effect. Conclusion: Although in competing risk studies, most of the analysis performed under PH assumption, analysis based on AFT models will also be applicable for these data. In these Setting, coefficients can be interpreted as effects of covariate on Time to each event.